The Importance Of The Political Philosophy For The State And Society Essay

The Importance Of The Political Philosophy For The State And Society - Essay Example States have long used enemies as a justification for their existence (IE population will support them for supposed protection from an enemy). Hardt and Negri’s book Empire, argues that the modern state has shifted its definition of the enemy from traditional ones, such as ideology (IE Communism) or state (for instance during European wars), to a violator of law - states manufacture the enemy as a sort of criminal (83). States have thus maneuvered themselves into a situation where any opposition to the state represents a deviant nature and something that the state has an obligation to address. In Hardt and Negri’s understanding, the enemies of the state are no longer extramural – they are in fact by definition within the state, a part of the state structure. This differs from classical neoliberal understandings of Empire, which address Empire building through expansion beyond borders, especially in an economic sense. In interpreting the quotation â€Å"Hitherto the philosophers have only interpreted the world: the point, however, is to transform it,† it is important to remember the origin of philosophy as a tradition of knowledge. Philosophy started as a form of ancient science – before standards of experimentation, testability and so on were developed, philosophers attempted to use reason to form a better understanding of the world around them. Modern science has since taken up much of the challenge of interpreting the world, by using a structured system of logic and experimentation to build causal relationships between physical phenomenon. Science has thus continually eroded the traditional realm of philosophy, especially once it started addressing the state of the human mind through neuroscience.

How to Reduce the Radiation Risk in CT Scan through Various Methods Essay

How to Reduce the Radiation Risk in CT Scan through Various Methods - Essay Example After attending classes at the university, I will get an opportunity of observing and practicing in CT scan at Perth Metropolitan Hospital. Perhaps, the most  important advance in diagnostic radiology over the years has been the use of CT. However, when as compared to conventional radiography, CT involves much higher doses. The widely prevalent practice of using CT as a screening technique even for minor complaints like a headache has added to the controversy.   Due to all these concerns, there is a pressing concern to incorporate various safety measures and techniques to avoid excess radiation dose from CT scanning. This is one of the reasons that I am composing this reflective journal, which would explore the methods to reduce radiation risk from CT scans. It is a well-known fact that the CT equipment produces radiation doses that are higher than those of conventional x-ray types of equipment. Since the CT scan operator directly controls technical factors such as x-ray tube voltage, the tube current, and rotation time, which directly affect the radiation dose, the scan operator plays an important role in the whole process. Radiation exposure (expressed in coulombs per kilogram) is defined as the total charge produced in dry air when all electrons liberated by photons in a unit mass of air are completely stopped in air. The absorbed dose, effective  dose, and CT dose index (CTDI) are some of the measures, which are used to describe the radiation dose delivered  by CT scanning. The absorbed dose is the energy absorbed per unit of mass and  is measured in grays (Gy). One gray equals 1 joule of radiation  energy absorbed per kilogram. The level of risk  to an organ in the body from radiation is determined mainly by the organ dose (or distribution  of dose in the organ). The effective dose is expressed  in sieverts (Sv).